sulla primary sources
Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. Primary Source 10. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . Wikipedia entry. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. The collection currently contains . Primary Source Terms:. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) sulla primary sources. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. Editor: Paul Halsall. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. be determined. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. They had, however, fallen on hard times. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Newspapers. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. By. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". onwards. His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Books. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship.
